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Fuse (electrical)
In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse (from the French ''fusée'', Italian ''fuso'', "spindle") is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent protection, of either the load or source circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, interrupting the circuit that it connects. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure are the prime reasons for excessive current. Fuses are an alternative to circuit breakers.
A fuse interrupts excessive current ("blows") so that further damage by overheating or fire is prevented. Wiring regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits. Overcurrent protection devices are essential in electrical systems to limit threats to human life and property damage. The time and current operating characteristics of fuses are chosen to provide adequate protection without needless interruption. Slow blow fuses are designed to allow harmless short term currents over their rating while still interrupting a sustained overload. Fuses are manufactured in a wide range of current and voltage ratings to protect wiring systems and electrical equipment. Self-resetting fuses automatically restore the circuit after the overload has cleared, and are useful in environments where a human replacing a blown fuse would be difficult or impossible, for example in aerospace or nuclear applications.
==History==
In 1847, Breguet recommended use of reduced-section conductors to protect telegraph stations from lightning strikes; by melting, the smaller wires would protect apparatus and wiring inside the building.〔Walter Schossig ''Introduction to the history of selective protection'', ''PAC Magazine'', Summer 2007 pp. 70–74〕 A variety of wire or foil fusible elements were in use to protect telegraph cables and lighting installations as early as 1864.〔Arthur Wright, P. Gordon Newbery ''Electric fuses 3rd edition'', Institution of Electrical Engineers (IET), 2004, ISBN 0-86341-379-X, pp. 2–10〕
A fuse was patented by Thomas Edison in 1890〔(edison.rutgers.edu/patents/ — U.S. Patent Office number 438305 "Fuse Block" (.pdf) ) Edison writes, "The passage of an abnormal electric current fuses the safety-catch and breaks the circuit, as will be understood."〕 as part of his electric distribution system.
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